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Objectives
:

(1) To draw geographical distinctions and establish further clan and family subclusters within the R-M222 haplogroup.

(2) To establish the distribution of the pattern before the great migrations of the last 350 years.

(3) To establish the age of the haplogroup, which has been variously estimated from 2,000 years to nearly 8,000 years.

(4) Find when Nial's DNA was defined

(5) Find when R-L21 was named.


Research Timeline for R-M222

1999 - M222 SNP first reported as an R1b1c subclade
http://www.geocities.com/mcewanjc/M222.htm

May 27 2003 - Capelli study on Y DNA in British Isles shows low replacement of
DNA from German and Norwegian into to Isles.
http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/capelli2_CB.pdf

Late 2004 - David Wilson identifies what he terms the Northwest Irish cluster.
https://www.familytreedna.com/public/R1b1c7/default.aspx

Late 2004 - Trinity College Study on M222 names it Irish Modal Haplotype (IMH)
http://www.m222.net/R1b1c7.htm

2005 - R1b subcluster named R1bstr19 (John McEwan)....(M222)
?

11 Mar 2005 - John McEwan estimates R1bstr19 (M222) TMRCA at 3362 which is ~1350 B.C.
(incidently about the time Moses was supposedly freeing Israelites -J.L.) and theorizes it may have rapidly expanded from a small group about that time.
http://www.geocities.com/mcewanjc/p3asd.htm

Aug 2005 - John McEwan studies data from YSearch and concludes M222 is the most divergent and distinct STR cluster in R1b.
http://www.geocities.com/mcewanjc/M222.htm

Dec 8 2005 - (Trinity College Dublin study) Moore et. al. report compares surname documented decendents of Ui Neill (Niall) to rest of R1b3 and found that there is loose coroboration between DNA and surnames in Northwest Ireland. They fit data into an MJ network to show 'at least consistent' with medieval TMRCA. They fit data into Mann-Whitney to show a lower rate of patrilineal legacy than that associated with Genghis Kahn. Concluding that 'genealogical association' is more attributed to 'strong social selection' than 'early medieval progenitor' even though the data still does not nullify to the latter.
http://clanmaclochlainn.com/R1b1c7/gael.pdf

2006 - R1b haplogroup defined by SNP P25, however M269 subgroup named R1b3.
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~dgarvey/DNA/hg/YCC_R1b.html

Mar 10 2006 - David Wilson isolates the Northwest Irish Variety from IMH since
it does not constitute the dominant pattern among R1b.
http://www.m222.net/R1b1c7.htm

April 10 2006 - ISOGG creates the first haplogroup tree and names M222 as R1b1c7
http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR.html

May 20 2006 - John McEwan Report:
A. refers to M222 as R1bstr19Irish, but refers distinctively between 'Northwest Irish Variety', M222, and R1bstr19Irish.
B. Says 20% of R1b are M222.
C. Again asserts the age of the group at 3400 years old.
http://www.geocities.com/mcewanjc/M222.htm

Oct 17 2007 - ISOGG continues M222 as R1b1c7.
http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR07.html

2008 - David Wilson estimates M222 as 1,500-2,000 years old but says the common M222+ ancestor could be much older than that..
http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/dna-r1b1c7/2008-10/1223354602\par }

Oct 2008 - Dr. Thomas Krahn analysis and confirmation of new SNP P312 to be labled R-L21 which is ancestral to R-M222
http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R-L21/default.aspx

Nov 7 2008 - L21 added to ISOGG tree
http://www.familytreedna.com/public/R-L21/default.aspx

Dec 22 2008 - M222 is now classified on the ISOGG tree as R1b1b2a1b6b following the discovery of new SNPS including S116 and L21.
http://www.isogg.org/tree/index.html


Timeline of M222 Men

25,000 to 30,000 bp - after an ice age ends, R1b haplotype men start repopulation
Europe including British Isles.
9,000 bp - last ice age ends
6,500 bp - introduction of agriculture
4,500 bp - metal working began
3,362 bp - M222 estimated to begin rapidly expanding
......
40-96 B.C. Roman Conquering of England
122 A.D. Hadrian's wall built.
405 A.D. Nial Noigaillach dies.
c. 450 AD.. Descendants of Nial establish kingdoms in the NW of Ireland (Ui Neill).
1500s - Conquest and Plantations by Britain in Northern Ireland
1594- nine years war between Ulster and Britain
1840s- First Irish potato famine.